{"id":1602,"date":"2023-11-07T22:11:42","date_gmt":"2023-11-07T22:11:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/?page_id=1602"},"modified":"2024-03-01T23:12:47","modified_gmt":"2024-03-01T23:12:47","slug":"history-of-buddhism-in-india-and-tibet","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/history-of-buddhism-in-india-and-tibet\/","title":{"rendered":"History of Buddhism in India and Tibet"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-flex-start\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-bg-color:#ffffff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#ffffff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#999999;--awb-border-top:0;--awb-border-right:0;--awb-border-bottom:0;--awb-border-left:0;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:21px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.44%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:21px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.44%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;All forms of Buddhism can welcome historical study as relevant and useful. Buddhist teachings have always told us that impermanence is a great, unalterable fact of our experience and that it is crucial for us to become comfortable with that fact. History is simply the study of how things change and develop, which is to say that history studies changing institutions and ideas. History studies impermanence, including the impermanent characteristic of Buddhist institutions, practices, philosophical systems, and sacred narratives.&#8221;&nbsp;&#8211;Rita Gross, &#8216;Why We Need to Know Our Buddhist History&#8217; (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.lionsroar.com\/commentary-why-we-need-to-know-our-buddhist-history\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lion&#8217;s Roar<\/a>)<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:10px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><hr>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left\">Sections<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: left\"><a href=\"#headings\">JABL Subject Headings<\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"#related\">Related Subject Guides<\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"#general\">General Buddhism<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"#chos'byung\">Chos &#8216;byung<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"#tibet\">History of Buddhism in Tibet&nbsp;<\/a>&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"#tibetansources\">Primary Tibetan Sources<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"#tibetanfigures\">Key Figures in Tibet<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href=\"#india\"> History of Buddhism in India<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"#indiansources\">Primary Indian Sources<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"#indianfigures\">Key Figures in India&nbsp;<\/a>&nbsp;<\/h5>\n<hr>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-3 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-flex-start\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-bg-color:#ffffff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#ffffff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#999999;--awb-border-top:0;--awb-border-right:0;--awb-border-bottom:0;--awb-border-left:0;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:21px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:21px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.88%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-menu-anchor\" id=\"headings\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><h3>JABL Subject Headings<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/catalog\/subjects\/8672216\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buddhism&#8211;China&#8211;Tibet Autonomous Region&#8211;History.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/catalog\/subjects\/8546413\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buddhism&#8211;History.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/catalog\/subjects\/11807906\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Buddhism&#8211;India&#8211;History.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column fusion-flex-align-self-flex-start\" style=\"--awb-padding-top:0px;--awb-padding-right:0px;--awb-padding-bottom:0px;--awb-padding-left:0px;--awb-bg-color:#ffffff;--awb-bg-color-hover:#ffffff;--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-border-color:#999999;--awb-border-top:0;--awb-border-right:0;--awb-border-bottom:0;--awb-border-left:0;--awb-border-style:solid;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:21px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:21px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.88%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\" data-scroll-devices=\"small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-menu-anchor\" id=\"related\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><h3>Related Subject Guides<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/index\/subject-guides\/bodhisattva-ethics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bodhisattva Ethics<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/index\/subject-guides\/madhyamaka\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Madhyamaka<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/index\/subject-guides\/tantra-in-tibet\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tantra in Tibet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/theories-and-methods-of-buddhist-studies\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Theories and Methods of Buddhist Studies<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-4 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-4 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-menu-anchor\" id=\"general\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><h3 style=\"text-align: left\">General Buddhism<\/h3>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><ul>\n<li>Gombrich, Richard Francis. 1997. <em>How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings<\/em>. Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8324287\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Skilton, Andrew. 1997. <em>Concise History of Buddhism<\/em>. Windhorse Publications. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8312659\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Strong, John. 2002. <em>The Experience of Buddhism: Sources and Interpretations<\/em>. Wadsworth Publishing. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/14145180\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Williams, Paul. 1991. <em>Maha\u0304ya\u0304na Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations<\/em>. Routledge. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8311405\/show\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Williams Paul and Anthony Tribe. 2000.&nbsp;<i>Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition<\/i>. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8327701\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-5 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-menu-anchor\" id=\"chos&#039;byung\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><h3>Chos &#8216;byung (\u0f46\u0f7c\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f60\u0f56\u0fb1\u0f74\u0f44\u0f0b)<\/h3>\n<p>Chos &#8216;byung: religious history, Dharma history; book on the history, origin of religion; &#8216;source of dharmas&#8217;, double triangles, double triangle design (Rangjung Yeshe); source of phenomena (Hopkins)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_4 1_4 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:25%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:7.68%;--awb-width-medium:25%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:7.68%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><p><strong>Buton Rinchen Drub (1290-1364)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0f56\u0f74\u0f0b\u0f66\u0f9f\u0f7c\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7a\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb2\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b<br \/>\nbu ston rin chen grub<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-7 fusion_builder_column_3_4 3_4 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:75%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.56%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:75%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.56%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><ul>\n<li>Bu Ston and Eugene Obermiller, trans. 1931. &#8220;The Jewelry of Scripture&#8221; in The History of Buddhism (Chos-h\u0323byung). <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/historyofbuddhismbustonobermillere.part1jewelryofscripture_708_F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Bu Ston and Eugene Obermiller, trans. 1932. &#8220;The History of Buddhism in India and Tibet&#8221; in The History of Buddhism (Chos-h\u0323byung). <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/historyofbuddhismbustonobermillere.part2historyofbuddhisminindiatibet_430_V\/mode\/2up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Tsering Namgyal. 2012. &#8220;Buton Rinchen Drub.&#8221; Treasury of Lives. <a href=\"https:\/\/treasuryoflives.org\/biographies\/view\/Buton-Rinchen-Drub\/2845.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">treasuryoflives.org<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-8 fusion_builder_column_1_4 1_4 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:25%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:7.68%;--awb-width-medium:25%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:7.68%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p><strong>T\u0101ran\u0101tha (1575-1634)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0f4f\u0f71\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f0b\u0f53\u0f71\u0f0b\u0f50\u0f0b<br \/>\ntA ra nA tha<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-9 fusion_builder_column_3_4 3_4 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:75%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.56%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:75%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.56%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><ul>\n<li>Stearns, Cyrus. 2008. &#8220;T\u0101ran\u0101tha.&#8221; Treasury of Lives <a href=\"https:\/\/treasuryoflives.org\/biographies\/view\/Taranata\/2712.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">treasuryoflives.org<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li>\n<li>Taranatha Jonang-pa and Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya. 1970. <em>Taranatha&#8217;s History of Buddhism in India.<\/em> Motilal Banarsidass. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/library\/resource.php?resourceID=8319733\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a>&nbsp;(<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/taranathas-history-of-buddhism-in-india\/page\/n1\/mode\/2up\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive.org<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-6 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-10 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-menu-anchor\" id=\"tibet\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><h3 style=\"text-align: left\">History of Buddhism in Tibet<\/h3>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><ul>\n<li>Cabezo\u0301n, Jose\u0301 Ignacio, and Roger R. Jackson. 1996. <em>Tibetan Literature: Studies in Genre<\/em>. Snow Lion. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8317279\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Davidson, Ronald M. 2008. <em>Tibetan Renaissance: Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture<\/em>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8319661\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Dreyfus, Georges. 2003. <em>The Sound of Two Hands Clapping.<\/em> University of California Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8315821\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Goldstein, Melvyn, and Matthew Kapstein. 1998. <em>Buddhism in Contemporary Tibet: Religious Revival and Cultural Identity<\/em>. University of California Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8320255\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Goodman, Steven D, and Ronald M Davidson. 1992. <em>Tibetan Buddhism: Reason and Revelation.<\/em> SUNY Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8311201\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kapstein, Matthew, Gray Tuttle, and Kurtis Schaeffer. 2013. <em>Sources of Tibetan Tradition<\/em>. Columbia University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8320525\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kapstein, Matthew. 2000. <em>The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism: Conversion, Contestation, and Memory<\/em>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8327449\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kapstein, Matthew. 2003. <em>Reason\u2019s Traces: Identity and Interpretation in Indian &amp; Tibetan Buddhist Thought<\/em>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8332921\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Kapstein, Matthew. 2014. <em>Tibetan Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction<\/em>. Oxford University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8322319\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Perdue, Daniel. 1992. <em>Debate in Tibetan Buddhism<\/em>. Snow Lion.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8312059\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Powers, John. 2007. <em>Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism.<\/em> Snow Lion. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/13658821\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Smith, E. Gene, and Kurtis R Schaeffer. 2001. <em>Among Tibetan Texts: History and Literature of the Himalayan Plateau.<\/em> Wisdom. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8308189\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-7 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-11 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-menu-anchor\" id=\"tibetansources\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><h3>Primary Tibetan Sources<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-12 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><p><strong>Madhyamak\u0101la\u1e43k\u0101ra<\/strong><br \/>\nOrnament of the Middle Way<br \/>\ndbu ma rgyan gyi tshig le\u2019ur byas pa<br \/>\n\u0f51\u0f56\u0f74\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f92\u0fb1\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb1\u0f72\u0f0b\u0f5a\u0f72\u0f42\u0f0b\u0f63\u0f7a\u0f60\u0f74\u0f62\u0f0b\u0f56\u0fb1\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f54<br \/>\n\u015a\u0101ntarak\u1e63ita (705-762)<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/tibetan.works\/etext\/reader.php?collection=tengyur&amp;index=3884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tibetan<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-13 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:66.666666666667%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.88%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><ul>\n<li>Blumenthal, James, S\u0301a\u0304ntaraks\u0323ita, and Rgyal-Tshab Dar-Ma-Rin-Chen. 2004. <em>The Ornament of the Middle Way: A Study of the Madhyamaka Thought of S\u0301a\u0304ntaraks\u0323ita: Including Translations of S\u0301a\u0304ntaraks\u0323ita\u2019s Madhyamaka\u0304lamka\u0304ra (the Ornament of the Middle Way) and Gyel-Tsab\u2019s DbU Ma Rgyan Gyi Brjed Byang (Remembering \u201cthe Ornament of the Middle Way\u201d)<\/em>. Snow Lion. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/library\/resource.php?resourceID=8311417\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-14 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><p><strong>Distinguishing the Views<br \/>\n<\/strong>lta ba\u2019i shan \u2019byed theg mchog gnad kyi zla zer<br \/>\n\u0f63\u0f9f\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f60\u0f72\u0f0b\u0f64\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f60\u0f56\u0fb1\u0f7a\u0f51\u0f0b\u0f50\u0f7a\u0f42\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f46\u0f7c\u0f42\u0f0b\u0f42\u0f53\u0f51\u0f0b\u0f40\u0fb1\u0f72\u0f0b\u0f5f\u0fb3\u0f0b\u0f5f\u0f7a\u0f62\u0f0b<br \/>\nGorampa Sonam Senge (1429\u20131489)<sup id=\"cite_ref-Dreyfus301_1-0\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-15 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:66.666666666667%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.88%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><ul>\n<li>Go-rams-pa bsod-nams-seng-ge, Jose\u0301 Ignacio Cabezo\u0301n, and Lobsang Dargyay. 2007. <em>Freedom from Extremes: Gorampa\u2019s \u201cDistinguishing the Views\u201d and the Polemics of Emptiness.<\/em> Wisdom. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8324617\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-16 fusion_builder_column_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><p><strong>Emptiness in the Prasangika System<br \/>\n<\/strong>&nbsp;Jamyang Shepe Dorje Ngawang Tsondr\u00fc (c. 1648\u20131722)<sup id=\"cite_ref-Cabez\u00f3n_2007_pp._55_4-1\" class=\"reference\"><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-17 fusion_builder_column_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:66.666666666667%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.88%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><ul>\n<li>Hopkins, Jeffrey, and Elizabeth Napper. 1996. <em>Meditation on Emptiness<\/em>. Wisdom. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8307019\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-8 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-18 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-menu-anchor\" id=\"tibetanfigures\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><h3>Key Figures in Tibet<\/h3>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><p><strong>Gendun Chompel or Gend\u00fcn Ch\u00f6phel (1903\u20131951)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0f51\u0f42\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f60\u0f51\u0f74\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f7c\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f60\u0f55\u0f7a\u0f63\u0f0d<br \/>\ndge &#8216;dun chos &#8216;phel<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lopez, Donald S, and A-Mdo Dge-\u02bcdun-Chos-\u02bcphel. 2006. <em>The Madman\u2019s Middle Way: Reflections on Reality of the Tibetan Monk Gendun Chopel<\/em>. University Of Chicago Press. &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8319577\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\"><p><strong>D\u00f6lpopa Sh\u00e9rap Gyeltsen<\/strong> (1292\u20131361), known simply as&nbsp;<strong>D\u00f6lpopa<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0f51\u0f7c\u0f63\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b\u0f64\u0f7a\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f92\u0fb1\u0f63\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f5a\u0f53\u0f0b<br \/>\n<em>dol po pa shes rab rgyal mtshan<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stearns, Cyrus. 2002. <em>The Buddha from Dolpo: A Study of the Life and Thought of the Tibetan Master Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen<\/em>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8308267\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\"><p><strong>Sakya Pandita Kunga Gyeltsen (1182-1251)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f66\u0f90\u0fb1\u200b\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f4e\u0f0b\u0f4c\u0f72\u0f0b\u0f4f\u0f0b\u0f40\u0f74\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f51\u0f42\u0f60\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f92\u0fb1\u0f63\u0f0b\u0f58\u0f5a\u0f53<br \/>\nsa skya pa\u1e47\u1e0dita kun dga\u2019 rgyal mtshan<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sa-skya Pan\u0323d\u0323i-ta Kun-dga\u02bc-rgyal-mtshan, John T. Davenport, Sallie D. Davenport, Blo-bzang-don-ldan, and Sakya Khenpo Sangye Tenzin. 2000. <em>Ordinary Wisdom: Sakya Pandita&#8217;s Treasury of Good Advice with a Commentary Entitled A Hive Where Gather Bees of Clear Understanding.<\/em> HarperCollins. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8313943\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-9 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-19 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-menu-anchor\" id=\"india\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\"><h3 style=\"text-align: left\">History of Buddhism in India<\/h3>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\"><ul>\n<li>Davidson, Ronald M. 2002. <em>Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement<\/em>. Columbia University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8321593\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Donald Sewell Lopez, ed. 1995. <em>Religions of India in Practice<\/em>. Princeton University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8327719\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Schopen, Gregory. 1997. <em>Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India.&nbsp;<\/em>University of Hawaii Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8319445\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-10 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-20 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-menu-anchor\" id=\"indiansources\"><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\"><h3>Primary Indian Sources<\/h3>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\"><ul>\n<li>Prebish, Charles S., ed. 2010. <em>Buddhist Monastic Discipline: The Sanskrit Pra\u0304timoksa\u0323 Su\u0304tras of the Maha\u0304sa\u0304mg\u0323hikas and Mu\u0304lasarva\u0304stiva\u0304dins.<\/em> Delhi Motilal Banarsidass. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8328469\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Brunnholzl, Karl, trans. 2007. <em>Straight from the Heart: Buddhist Pith Instructions.<\/em> Snow Lion. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8316277\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Lopez, Donald. 2017.<em> Norton Anthology of World Religions. Buddhism.<\/em> W. W. Norton. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/14145597\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Wedemeyer, Christian K., ed. 2007. <em>A\u0304ryadeva&#8217;s Lamp that Integrates the Practices (Carya\u0304mela\u0304pakapradi\u0304pa): The Gradual Path of Vajraya\u0304na Buddhism According to the Esoteric Community Noble Tradition<\/em>. American Institute of Buddhist Studies. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8320519\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-11 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-21 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\"><h3>Key Figures in India<\/h3>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\"><p><strong>Na\u0304ga\u0304rjuna (active 2nd century)&nbsp;<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0f40\u0fb3\u0f74\u0f0b\u0f66\u0f92\u0fb2\u0f74\u0f56\u0f0b klu sgrub<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\"><ul>\n<li>Walser, Joseph. 2005. <em>Na\u0304ga\u0304rjuna in Context: Maha\u0304ya\u0304na Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.<\/em> Columbia University Press. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8319475\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-32\"><p class=\"fusion-responsive-typography-calculated\" data-fontsize=\"28\" data-lineheight=\"33.88px\"><strong>Candrak\u012brti (c.570-650)<\/strong><br \/>\n\u0f5f\u0fb3\u0f0b\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f42\u0fb2\u0f42\u0f66\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f0b zla ba grags pa<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-33\"><ul>\n<li>Vose, Kevin. 2009. <em>Resurrecting Candraki\u0304rti : Disputes in the Tibetan Creation of Pra\u0304san\u0307gika.<\/em> Wisdom. <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.populiweb.com\/router\/library\/resources\/8318665\/show\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">JABL<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-12 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-background-color:#f1f1f1;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:104%;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-22 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-34\"><p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5>Subject Guides<\/h5>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/action-research-project\/\">Action Research Project<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/bodhisattva-ethics\/\">Bodhisattva Ethics<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/buddha-nature\/\">Buddha Nature<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/buddhist-psychology\/\">Buddhist Psychology<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/calm-abiding\/\">Calm Abiding<\/a> &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/chittamatra\/\">Chittamatra<\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/classical-tibetan-texts-and-translation\/\">Classical Tibetan, Texts, Translation<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/death-and-dying\/\">Death and Dying<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/ganden-kagyu-mahamudra\/\">Ganden-Kagyu Mahamudra<\/a> &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/history-of-buddhism-in-india-and-tibet\/\">History of Buddhism in India and Tibet&nbsp;<\/a> &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/kangyur-and-tengyur\/\">Kangyur and Tengyur<\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/lamrim\/\">Lamrim<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/lojong\/\">Lojong<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/madhyamaka\/\">Madhyamaka<\/a> &nbsp; |&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/six-session-guru-yoga-and-highest-yoga-tantra-empowerment\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Six-Session Guru Yoga<\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/songs-of-realization\/\">Songs of Realization<\/a>&nbsp;&nbsp; |&nbsp;&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/tantra-in-tibet\/\">Tantra in Tibet<\/a>&nbsp; |&nbsp; <a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/theories-and-methods-of-buddhist-studies\/\">Theories and Methods in Buddhist Studies<\/a>&nbsp; &nbsp;|&nbsp; &nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/subject-guides\/tibetan-medicine\/\">Tibetan Medicine<\/a><\/h5>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"parent":950,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1602","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1602","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1602"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1602\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1637,"href":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1602\/revisions\/1637"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/950"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/maitripa.org\/library\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1602"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}